Collaboration

• Cobot operating modes and the safety requirements of ISO/TS 15066
• Speed and separation monitoring, power and force limiting in practice
• Task allocation between human and machine on capability, not cost alone

Intelligence

• Vision-based quality inspection and the defect classes with too few examples
• Operator assistance: guidance, augmented reality and adaptive instructions
• Explainability, because an operator will not act on an unexplained alert

Flexibility

• Batch-size-one production and the changeover cost it demands solving
• Reconfigurable lines, digital thread and traceability per unit
• Scheduling and planning under high product variety

Resilience

• Energy and material monitoring, and emissions accounting on the line
• Supply chain disruption, redundancy and the cost of resilience
• Workforce skills, acceptance and change management as the real constraint