Quality

• Risk-adjusted outcome measurement and case-mix confounding
• Process versus outcome metrics and the gaming each invites
• Variation analysis across clinicians, sites and time

Operations

• Patient flow, length of stay and bottleneck identification
• Demand forecasting for beds, theatres and staffing
• Simulation for capacity planning under uncertainty

Causality

• Propensity scoring, matching and their assumptions
• Instrumental variables and difference-in-differences in health settings
• Sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding

Reporting

• Statistical process control charts instead of month-on-month arrows
• Presenting uncertainty in small-denominator comparisons
• Governance, information security and access control for clinical analytics