Sensing

• Soil moisture, nutrient and plant-wearable sensing approaches
• Biodegradable and low-cost sensor substrates
• Calibration drift, fouling and the realities of leaving devices in a field

Data

• Low-power wireless networks and intermittent connectivity
• Data fusion across sensors, imagery and weather sources
• Handling sparse, noisy and partially missing agronomic data

Intelligence

• Controlled-release scheduling informed by sensed soil state
• Stress and disease detection combining sensor and image signals
• Recommendation systems constrained by agronomic feasibility

Deployment

• Trial design that produces evidence a farmer would act on
• Cost per hectare against realistic yield or input savings
• Regulatory and environmental considerations for novel materials