Inventory

• Foreground and background data, with ecoinvent as the common background
• Data quality, uncertainty and the pedigree approach to scoring it
• openLCA or Brightway as the working tool, and reproducible model files

Impact

• Impact categories beyond carbon: water, eutrophication, toxicity, land use
• Characterisation methods such as ReCiPe and the effect of method choice
• Normalisation and weighting, and why weighting is a value judgement

Circularity

• End-of-life allocation: cut-off, avoided burden and the circular footprint formula
• Recycling, cascading and the quality loss at each cycle
• Circularity indicators such as MCI and what they fail to capture

Application

• Comparative assertions and the critical review requirement that attaches
• Hotspot analysis and burden shifting between categories
• Green claims regulation and the line between a result and greenwashing